https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/ Journal of Urban Ecology Researches en daily 1 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11691.html The vernacular architecture is a branch of architecture based on regional foundations and building materials that reflect the traditions of each region. Native architecture has been developed over time based on the environmental, cultural, technological and historical background that existed in that region. The vernacular architecture of Paveh city in the north-west of Kermanshah province, which is more than three thousand years old, is the result of various climatic, social, economic and cultural factors, but it has received the greatest influence from the climate and nature around it, and from the materials used to The general form of the buildings has been influenced by the surrounding environment. The buildings of this city are designed in such a way that most of them are placed in a stepped manner and according to the topography and the slope of the land, that is, the roof of the house that is built with its back to the mountain is the yard of the neighbor's house, which is located a few meters above it. Staircase and stone architecture is one of the vernacular architecture models of Paveh region, which has been able to survive for many years and coordinate itself with the surrounding environment in a skillful and precise and delicate way. But today, the lack of recognition and understanding of the characteristics of native architecture and the structure of organic materials has caused a lack of harmony between the artificial environment and the context. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate and understand the construction materials and techniques according to the criteria of climatic-environmental contextualism in the houses of Paveh city. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method is used. The primary data was studied with the library and documentary method; Then, 50 samples of native houses were randomly selected and the complete information was analyzed and analyzed based on the research objective using the field method and interviews. The results indicate that the unevenness and high slope of the region is the determining factor in the formation of the fabric of Paveh city and the priority of local architecture is to respond to the criteria of climatic-environmental contextualism. The main materials used in the local architecture of the city's houses are stone and wood, which have been skillfully and creatively built up to two floors of buildings. Stone has been used in the walls, wood in the body, roof and openings, and soil as an adhesive and mortar for the wall and roof, which today can be used to remove the weaknesses of these materials and help preserve the local identity of the region. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12631.html Introduction‌‌‌‌‌‌ The increase in urbanization and subsequent expansion of cities and their suburbs since the Industrial Revolution and the end of World Wars have transformed cities into the most concentrated areas for human population and natural resource consumption. The high population density and energy consumption in urban settlements continuously demand more resources, leading to urban sprawl into suburban and exurban areas. This extensive urban development can significantly degrade natural and semi-natural ecological structures (such as rivers, wetlands, forests, and pastures) in and around cities, resulting in reduced biodiversity and ecological process sustainability in urban regions. Thus, maintaining the ecological capacity of cities and their surroundings has become a continuous challenge for urban managers and planners. This study, recognizing the importance of urban environmental and ecological issues, aims to elucidate the ecological dimensions of Khorramabad City through spatial analysis in three stages. MothodologyThis research is descriptive-analytical in nature and developmental-applied in purpose. Part of the study was conducted using library research, utilizing various related studies to define the fundamental concepts of the research. Data analysis was performed in three parts: in the first part, using ArcGIS 10.2 and ENVI software, land use changes in the study area over a 31-year period (1989-2021) were evaluated through satellite image processing in four classes. In the second part, the distribution of green spaces within urban areas was assessed using Spatial Analysis tools in ArcGIS 10.2. Finally, the urban areas of Khorramabad were ranked based on four green space indicators-urban parks, neighborhood parks, community parks, and scattered green spaces-using SWARA and PROMETHEE methods. FindingsOverall, the results indicate that Khorramabad, as a mid-sized city in Iran, has an unstable environmental status. Unplanned spatial growth in recent years has disrupted the city's physical form and led to the destruction of green and ecological hinterlands. The city also faces the challenge of uneven distribution of urban green spaces, with all analyses indicating a lack of spatial justice in the distribution of these land uses across urban areas, signaling a trend towards unsustainability that requires effective measures. Discussion and ConclusionThe analysis results revealed unplanned urban growth, causing significant adverse effects on ecological land uses. Vegetated areas decreased by 33.601% from 1989 to 2021, with a corresponding increase in urban built-up areas. Spatial analysis results showed that green spaces were clustered and not evenly distributed across Khorramabad, with the highest clustering in zones 17, 19, 23, and 24, located in the eastern, central, and southern parts of the city. The distribution of these land uses showed a tendency from north to south, with a central to southeast concentration. The Moran's Index value of 0.035910 indicated a positive spatial autocorrelation. PROMETHEE analysis indicated that Zone 3 had the most desirable green space indicators with a score of 0.24, while Zone 2 had the least desirability with a score of -0.40. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12071.html The playfulness of tourist guides is a new concept in tourism that plays an important role in creating emotional connections and friendly hospitality of tourist guides. This concept can be effective in increasing the work quality of the guides. This study was conducted with the aim of introducing and conceptualizing playfulness in tourist guidance and its effect on the job satisfaction of guides. In this research, a quantitative and applied approach has been used in order to measure the research model and test the research hypotheses. The target community of this research was tourist guides, 260 of whom were selected online as a sample. Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling technique and Amos software. The results of the research showed the confirmation of the research model in terms of structural equation indicators and factor analysis. Also, the results of research hypotheses showed that the dimensions of playfulness of tourist guides include playful guide, attractive guide, creative guide and interactive guide respectively with path coefficients of 0.63, 0.34, 0.30 and 0.85 and t-values respectively 6.81, 4/26, 4/14 and 8/33 have a positive and significant effect on the job satisfaction of tourist guides. The coefficient of determination also showed that the dimensions of playfulness of tour guides explain more than 41% of the changes in job satisfaction in total. The study of the moderating role of the tourist environment also confirms its role in the relationship between playfulness of tour guides and job satisfaction, so that among tour guides on international tours, the impact of playfulness on job satisfaction is greater than that of domestic tours. The findings of this study can lead to the development of the theoretical foundations of playfulness in tourism, as well as increasing the level of service quality and job satisfaction of tourist guides. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12282.html The acceleration of the transition from phenomenology of urban spaces to post-phenomenology can be attributed to the introduction and expansion of technology applications, which have a tangible impact on the interactive structure of the lived world. This research aims to explore the relationship between humans, technology, and urban lived spaces, analyzing their mutual interactions.The study's target population consists of 50 technology users in the public spaces of downtown Zanjan, with data collected through observations and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was conducted using open, axial, and selective coding, then applied within a grounded theory model. The research methodology is qualitative and post-phenomenological, executed within a context-driven framework.Findings reveal that the interaction between humans and the urban space of Sabzeh Meydan is driven by the attraction of the square’s features and the acceptance of citizens, accelerating their presence in the studied space (as a lived world). In the invitation process of Sabzeh Meydan, technology initially interacts with people, playing a mediating role, but later alters usage patterns and integrates individuals into its system.The causal, contextual, interventionist, control, and consequential factors within Sabzeh Meydan demonstrate that technology, through mechanisms of data exchange, sharing, feedback creation, attraction, and control, establishes dominance over both citizens and urban space. As a result, technology-driven consumption of urban spaces gradually shapes the prevailing usage patterns of Sabzeh Meydan in Zanjan within a post-phenomenological framework. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11654.html Despite the importance and position of urban green spaces in people's well-being and the sustainability of cities, the necessary care is not taken in locating and respecting the proportion of these spaces and the population. Such a trend creates many problems for the city and its residents. The present study was carried out in a descriptive and analytical way. The aim was to determine the real conditions of urban parks and their effect on some health characteristics and social behaviors of citizens. The sample was determined from the groups that had migrated from the village to the city of Quchan. The required data for the parks was obtained by surveying the experts. To determine the level of health, the health status of 30 new immigrants was first determined. The data was obtained with two separate questionnaires. The data related to the quality of the parks were analyzed with network analysis models and ANP, TOPSIS and Electra. The results showed that the general health of the group with better access is higher. This privilege was set for those who lived in the vicinity of the Happy Park Mountain, more than others. The score of other social and cultural parameters was also different between these two groups from 30 to more than 43. According to these statistics, both groups are somewhat in trouble. This concern is more for groups that have less access to parks. As a result, in order to reduce existing tensions, it is necessary to provide sufficient green space, equipped, with better access and coordinated with the needs of the beneficiaries. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12213.html Rapid technological changes and international competition, the expansion of new urban challenges in the economic, social and managerial aspects of cities, have increased the focus on entrepreneurial cities in recent years worldwide. In the meantime, creative cities can play an important role in the formation of entrepreneurial cities by creating a stimulating environment for innovation and creativity. A review of research conducted by numerous researchers indicates that the lack of a comprehensive and coherent framework for measuring the potential of cities to enable them to form as an entrepreneurial city in connection with the components a creative city. For this purpose, this research aims to develop a measurement and evaluation framework to study the degree of compliance of cities with the components and indicators of the entrepreneurial city in relation to creative cities; therefore, in this research, based on the library method and text mining tool, the components of entrepreneurial and creative cities were explained and through the interconnection between them, the categories and components of the entrepreneurial city in relation to the creative city were identified and in the next step, using the indexing method, these categories and components were converted into examineable indicators and a measurable framework was proposed for them. The final output of this research has led to the development of a framework for measuring (components and indicators) the entrepreneurial city in relation to the creative city in four categories: creativity and socio-cultural coexistence, economic diversity and dynamism, creative and sustainable business environment, and creative multi-level governance. Thus, this proposed framework can be a basis for urban managers and policymakers to assess the capacity of cities to realize their potential as an entrepreneurial city in connection with a creative city. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11659.html The purpose of the current research is to provide a model that can be used to evaluate the social challenges caused by the increase in high-rise urban development according to the criteria. Based on the data collection method, this research is descriptive and from the point of view of the goal, it is an applied development. The statistical population of the Delphi panel is 30 people from the experts in the field of urban planning, and the statistical population studied is managers and experts in urban planning and urban planning, and university professors. The tool for data collection is the Dimtel questionnaire, which was designed using the Delphi technique in three rounds. In order to break down and analyze the data and obtain cause and effect relationships and the weight of each index, the DANP combined technique was used. The results of the research showed that the dimension of disturbance in social interactions (0.00262) and decrease in mental health (0.240.00) have the most weight, followed by disturbance in privacy (0.00209), disturbance in socialization (0.189) 0) and reducing the sense of belonging to the place (0.00145) has taken the third to fifth ranks. And in the end, suggestions have been made to reduce the social consequences in the process of upgrading Ahvaz city. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11515.html The construction industry plays a vital role in the development and progress of metropolises. However, construction projects face several challenges, including failure to complete on time, over budget, and failure to meet quality standards. Identifying and understanding the factors affecting the success of construction projects is a necessary step to overcome these challenges and improve the quality of construction in metropolises. Therefore, an effort was made in the present research. In this direction, the present research was carried out with the aim of structural analysis of drivers influencing the success of construction projects in Tehran metropolis. According to the objectives of the research and the drivers under investigation, the type of research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Theoretical data was prepared by document method and experimental data by survey method based on Delphi technique. The statistical population of 20 experts and specialists is based on judgmental sampling that 29 driving forces have been processed by structural interaction analysis method in MICMAC software. In terms of the analysis of mutual effects, the findings indicate the dispersion of stimuli in a complex and intermediate state of effectiveness and effectiveness; The results showed that among the 29 driving forces, 11 driving forces have a more key effect on the success of construction projects in Tehran metropolis, which include proper financing, accurate and comprehensive planning, compliance with regulations and laws, realistic budgeting, compliance Safety standards, use of quality materials and equipment, accurate design and engineering, clear communication between all project stakeholders, efficient management, cost management and selection of qualified contractors. In terms of systemic performance, these forces play the role of high influence and low influence in the system environment with the aim of improving the quality of life in the studied contexts, and as a result, they are considered the most effective and key drivers. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11840.html Knowledge, at the beginning of the 21st century, has transformed into a key asset and the primary driver of economic and social growth and development. The transformation of knowledge into capital has led to changes in spatial arrangements in cities. In the era of globalization, cities that can excel in being "smart" and "knowledge-based" will be successful. What underscores the necessity of this research is the concern about the future and the problems arising from the persistence of current issues. Therefore, this study, aimed at presenting a smart city model based on a knowledge-based community, seeks to identify and analyze the key indicators of these two concepts and assess the relationships between them. The research was conducted using a mixed-method approach (combining quantitative and qualitative methods). Key indicators were identified through the fuzzy Delphi method, and the relationships between them were evaluated using exploratory structural equation modeling (SEM) and analysis in AMOS software. The statistical population included 50 experts and 374 residents of Qazvin. Based on the results of the fuzzy Delphi method, 51 items and 9 indicators were identified for the smart city, and 38 items and 8 indicators were identified for the knowledge-based community. Subsequently, using structural equation modeling, three different models were developed for the city of Qazvin. The results demonstrated significant relationships between the identified indicators in the research context. Furthermore, the proposed models effectively explained the connections between the knowledge-based community and the smart city. These relationships were particularly impactful in areas related to urban sustainability and improving the quality of life in Qazvin.  https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_10666.html This Research, With a Resource-Based Perspective and Strategic Thinking In The Analysis of Resources Barriers, Explains the Position and Competitive Advantage and Evaluates The Strategic Suitability of Resources, and Compiles and Proposes a Strategic Map for The Management of The Sprawl and The Formation of Marginal Textures In Mahshahr Port. The Method of This Research Is Descriptive-Analytical and Due to The Strategic Nature of The Study, Its Achievement (Goal) Has a Practical Aspect. Theoretical Data Were Prepared by Documentary Method And Experimental Data By Survey Method Based on the Delphi Method. Meta-SWOT Model and PESTEL Analysis Have Been Used In Information Processing And Strategic Plan Formulation. The Results Show That The Internal Resources and Capabilities of Mahshahr Port do not Have The Same Importance In The Management of Sprawl and the Formation of Marginal Textures. Factors Such As The Existence of Rail, Air, Land, And Sea Transportation Network Infrastructures For Domestic Transportation And Export And Import, the Existence of Huge Petrochemical Industries, Special Economic Zone, the General Administration of Ports And Maritime Affairs, the General Administration of Customs And The Administration of Shipping In The Region, Etc. Are The Most Weight; These Factors In The Management of Sprawl And The Formation of Marginal Textures In Mahshahr port, Compared to other Factors, Express Rarity, Imitability and Strategic Fit, and As A Result, They Should be Placed at the top of Action Priorities And Executive Actions. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12808.html IntroductionDigital transformation has emerged as one of the most significant trends of the contemporary era, bringing fundamental changes to organizational structures, processes, and management practices. The rapid expansion of digital technologies has compelled organizations to reconsider their managerial approaches and human resource practices in order to maintain efficiency and competitiveness. In this context, digital human resource management (DHRM) has been introduced as a modern approach that utilizes digital technologies to enhance human resource performance, improve employee experience, and increase organizational agility. Considering the critical role of organizational culture in the acceptance and effective use of digital technologies, the concept of digital culture has gained increasing attention in organizations. Urban management, as a key provider of public services, also requires movement toward digital transformation and the development of digital culture in human resource management in order to respond effectively to citizens’ needs and improve service quality. Therefore, the present study aims to design an interpretive structural model of digital culture in human resource management within the urban management of Sirjan Municipality. MethodologyThis study is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of research approach. Thematic analysis was employed to identify the components of digital culture in human resource management. The participants consisted of experts in urban management, human resource management, and information technology within Sirjan Municipality, who were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected through semi‑structured interviews. After coding and extracting themes, the main components of digital culture were identified. Subsequently, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was used to determine the relationships among the components and to establish their hierarchical structure, thereby clarifying the structural relationships among the factors influencing digital culture in human resource management.  FindingsThe findings indicate that digital culture in urban human resource management consists of a set of interrelated components that can be explained within a hierarchical structure. In the interpretive structural model obtained, digital infrastructure forms the foundational level and acts as the underlying factor enabling other dimensions of digital culture. At the intermediate levels, components such as digital learning, digital values and ethics, digital synergy, and digital innovation are positioned, all of which play an important role in strengthening organizational interactions and developing employees’ digital capabilities. At the higher levels of the model, employee digital experience and ultimately digital leadership and digital governance are identified as strategic drivers that guide and shape the process of digital transformation in human resource management. Discussion and ConclusionThe findings suggest that the development of digital human resource management in urban organizations requires simultaneous attention to technological infrastructure, the development of employees’ digital skills, the strengthening of digital values and norms, and the presence of digital leadership and governance at the managerial level. The proposed model can assist urban managers in identifying key dimensions of digital culture and planning for the implementation of digital human resource management. Moreover, this model provides a conceptual framework for assessing the maturity level of digital culture in urban organizations and can serve as a basis for future research on digital transformation and human resource management in the public sector. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11566.html This article has tried to identify and cluster the factors affecting the future state of optimal governance in the management of water resources in the central part of Shiraz using the method of structural analysis. Theoretical data was prepared by document method and experimental data by survey method based on Delphi technique. The statistical population is 30 experts and specialists of the Office of Sustainable Rural Development and Agricultural Jihad of Fars province based on purposeful sampling, which was processed by the method of structural interaction analysis in MICMAC software. The findings, in terms of the overall analysis of the system environment, showed that 600 relationships have the number 3, and this means that the relationships of the key drivers are very large and have great influence. Also, other results of the research from the analysis of mutual effects indicate the dispersion of driving forces in a complex and intermediate situation of effectiveness and effectiveness; The propulsion clustering system indicates a concentration in the area of dual propulsions. Out of a total of 36 driving forces for good water governance, 11 driving forces include the creation and strengthening of cooperative institutions, fair distribution of water resources, rule of law, attraction of people's participation in water resources investment, empowerment and empowerment of beneficiaries, prevention of discrimination, collective agreement in Regarding the problems of water resources, organization for law enforcers, systematization for custodians, guaranteeing the independence and impartiality of custodian institutions, providing transparent and periodic reports have been identified as key drivers. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11825.html Currently, many cities are seeking to shift their approach to urban management by focusing on the family. In such a way, not only the family is considered as a decision-making unit in all areas of management, but also it is recognized as an institution alongside other participating entities in urban management. Meanwhile, there are only a limited number of comprehensive studies that cover all aspects of family-friendly cities. The objective of the current study is to explain the components of a family-friendly city to be implemented in megacities such as Tehran. An exploratory qualitative approach based on content analysis was employed for this basic-applied study. Initially, using a scoping review method, 24 articles were selected, reviewed, and analyzed to identify the components of a family-friendly city. Subsequently, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts and specialists to determine the indicators of a family-friendly city. The results indicated five main categories (infrastructure and urban services, cultural-social aspects, social welfare, and livelihood) and 14 sub-categories (child services, education, health, safety, affordable housing, subsidies, transportation, accessibility, urban furniture, waste management, air pollution, facilities, cultural services, and social interaction) for a family-friendly city. These findings can assist urban policymakers and administrators with adopting more effective approaches to improve families’ quality of life in megacities such as Tehran. Additionally, this study emphasizes the necessity of paying attention to various social, cultural and economic aspects in urban policymaking to promote family welfare. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_11995.html Today, with the emergence of human and natural crises, health is more and more the focus of urban managers and researchers. On the other hand, non-governmental organizations, as one of the executive arms of the people, can play a significant role in controlling the crisis and moving it towards the health of the city. The current research aims to examine the role of non-governmental organizations (Iran and Tehran) in controlling and managing urban crises, especially in the field of health. Therefore, the present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of research method and practical-practical in terms of its purpose. The method of data collection has been two methods, documentary and survey. To measure the research indicators in the scope of the study, the survey method and the tool of the researcher-made questionnaire have been used. The statistical community of the research includes experts and specialists in the city and urban crisis management, due to the lack of clarity of the comprehensive statistical volume, the sampling was non-random-targeted, and its volume was considered until reaching scientific saturation, i.e. 40 people. The results show that they are in a favorable situation in all five areas. In other words, the average obtained in the five desired areas is higher than the assumed average of 3. The lowest average obtained is related to resource mobilization and allocation, which is equal to 3.7536, and the highest is related to the policy dimension with an average of 3.0786. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12160.html The aim of the present study is to conduct a sociological analysis of the determinants affecting the urban environmental culture of women in Khorramabad City. In this study, quantitative methods, survey techniques, and questionnaire tools were used to collect information. The statistical population of the study includes women aged 15-64 living in the areas of Khorramabad City, which is equal to 134,256 people, and of this number, 384 people were selected as the sample size using the Cochran formula. On this basis, it can be said that the variables that have entered the model have a statistically significant role in explaining the urban environmental culture and have been able to explain and predict 41 percent of the urban environmental culture as the dependent variable of the study. Based on the research data, it can be said that urban environmental culture, which is the source of social action, is determined in relation to the social and cultural determinants of social health, cultural consumption, social trust, health-oriented lifestyle, social responsibility and media consumption. On the other hand, most urban environmental issues are directly or indirectly the consequences of urban environmental culture and are manifested in the form of environmental actions or behaviors. Accordingly, policymaking based on understanding the important and guiding relationship between urban environmental culture and the social and cultural determinants affecting it, and more importantly, the synergy of the two, is very necessary. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12161.html This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the management of supervision, construction control and its effect on the physical crystallization of space in Tehran. The present research is applied in terms of targeting and descriptive-analytical in terms of investigation method. Questionnaires and field observations have been used by the researcher to address the problem and hypotheses of the research. The way to answer the questions and hypotheses is done through sample t-test and Friedman using Spss software. The method of collecting information in this research is document-library and field. In the field section, two types of qualitative and quantitative data are used. Qualitative data is the result of field observations and quantitative data is the result of collecting questionnaires from the sample population. The sampling method was in the form of target group and snowball. To measure the reliability of the questionnaire, spss software and the number of 30 people in the sample community were used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is equal to 0.812. Friedman's statistical test show that the construction supervision and control law in physical crystallization in Tehran has the greatest effect on land segregation index (with an average of 3.26), zoning and zoning index respectively. (with an average of 3.07) followed. Therefore, according to the significance level of this test (which is equal to 0.028), it can be acknowledged with a confidence factor of %95 that the indicators of construction supervision and control laws have been effective in the physical-spatial crystallization of Tehran. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12201.html A Resilience in cities refers to a city's ability to confront challenges and crises, including climate, economic, social changes, and more. In this context, the social dimensions of a city encompass citizen participation, social cohesion, and easy access to public services. The economic dimensions involve factors influencing economic growth and development, employment, and securing financial resources for infrastructure and service projects. The spatial dimensions refer to the physical structure and improvement of urban infrastructure quality, and the enhancement of these factors contributes to the sustainability of the city. Accordingly, the objective of the present research is to forecast the impact of social, economic, and spatial dimensions of urban resilience on sustainable development in the city of Tabriz, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. In the process of data preparation and production, the factors affecting sustainable development in Tabriz were identified using the opinions of 15 specialists, professors, and experts in related organizations through the Delphi method. For data analysis, three dimensions with twelve indices were identified as strong influencing factors in urban resilience on sustainable development, and the method of cross-impact analysis was utilized in the MicMac software for data analysis. The results indicated that the quality and age of buildings, quality of life, compensation for injuries, and other factors are the main influences on urban resilience in Tabriz concerning sustainable development. This research can aid in identifying challenges and opportunities ahead in strengthening resilience and sustainable development in the city of Tabriz, assisting planners in implementing comprehensive and targeted programs. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12281.html . In the era of digital transformation, cities as dynamic and intelligent units require innovative approaches to urban brand development. Tourism, as one of the key components of urban identity, plays a fundamental role in the imaging and reinvention of city branding. This research utilizes urban ecology approaches and the potential of modern technologies to design a smart digital ecosystem model for urban tourism branding. The study employs a mixed-methods research design (qualitative-quantitative) in two phases: qualitative analysis using grounded theory and quantitative analysis through structural equation modeling. The statistical population in the qualitative phase consisted of academic and executive experts in tourism and urban management, while the quantitative phase involved managers and specialists active in urban tourism branding. The results led to the design of an integrated smart model that explains the technological, environmental, cultural, and structural dimensions of urban brand development in Kermanshah Province. The findings indicate that the digital ecosystem can serve as a transformative framework for enhancing urban tourism branding and recreating the city's mental image in the minds of domestic and international tourists. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12283.html Semi-open spaces are defined by a degree of material permeability. They possess unique characteristics and serve as areas to fulfill certain human needs. Compared to the other two types of spaces (open and closed), these spaces exhibit greater formal and functional diversity. In traditional Iranian architecture, this element has played varied and sometimes distinct roles in historical houses across different periods. The findings indicate that, on average, semi-open spaces constitute about 27% of the total building area in historical houses from the Qajar to Pahlavi periods in Qazvin. Despite this relatively small proportion, these spaces encompass three distinct types with varied roles: "Ivan" (Porch): A connecting space between other areas. "Ivancheh" (Small Porch): A transitional space between the interior and exterior of the building. "Talar" (Hall): A versatile space accommodating a wide range of collective functions and behaviors, often highlighted by features like "Shahneshin" (a prominent seating area).Under the umbrella of semi-open spaces, these three types effectively delineate spatial hierarchies, allocate functions appropriately, and ensure each space is suited to its intended use. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12329.html The purpose of this research is to develop a physical model of the cities of Mazandaran province using morphometric indices of active tectonics, which was conducted based on a case study of settlements between Shirgah and Galugah. In this study, five indices of hierarchical anomaly, bifurcation, basin shape, drainage density, and relative prominence were calculated in 15 drainage basins between these two counties. The results of this study, based on morphometric indices, show that most of the settlements in Mazandaran city, including residential areas from Shirgah to Galugah, corresponding to the faults of North Alborz, Khatir Kooh, Dazdbon, and Marzanabad, have high and very high morphometric indices due to the influence of the aforementioned faults. About 33.3% of the area is dominated by the activity of these faults. In addition to the main faults, other minor faults formed by recent tectonic movements present moderate to high tectonic activity. The location of these settlements in the vicinity of these faults has also increased the seismic risk of the region. Due to the history of earthquakes in this region and the proven tectonic activity of the region, the risks from earthquakes must be considered in the construction of civil infrastructure. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12468.html The objective of this research is to present a good governance model in Iranian metropolitan cities with emphasis on citizen participation. This study is applied in purpose and mixed-method in methodology. The statistical population in the qualitative section included academic experts and municipal specialists, and in the quantitative section, it comprised senior operational managers of Tehran Municipality. In the qualitative stage, 20 people were selected using purposive sampling, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation. In the quantitative stage, 105 senior managers were selected through stratified random sampling. Data collection tools in the qualitative section included systematic review and semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity and reliability in the qualitative section were measured by acceptability and confirmability criteria, and in the quantitative section, validity was determined through experts' opinions and confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability by Cronbach's alpha and composite method. Qualitative data were analyzed using meta-synthesis and thematic analysis, and quantitative data using structural equation modeling. Findings of the qualitative section led to identification of 12 main components: rule of law, justice, accountability, strategic insight, responsibility, transparency, participation, consensus-orientation, social capacity building, economic capacity building, efficiency and effectiveness, and central trust. These components were presented as a 52-item scale in the quantitative section. Results showed that the extracted factors pattern has desirable fit indices. The research improves managerial decisions and governance quality in Iranian metropolises. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12470.html Introduction Rapid urbanization has become one of the most transformative processes of the twenty-first century, fundamentally reshaping social, economic, and environmental systems in cities worldwide. While urbanization brings significant opportunities for economic growth, innovation, and improved service delivery, it also generates multifaceted challenges related to environmental degradation, spatial inequality, infrastructure pressure, and socio-cultural disruptions. In developing countries, these challenges tend to be more acute due to the rapid pace of urban population growth and the limited institutional capacity to manage it effectively.Iranian metropolises, including Ahvaz, have undergone substantial demographic and spatial expansion over recent decades. Ahvaz—located in southwest Iran and historically known as a strategic industrial, cultural, and economic hub—has experienced accelerated urban growth driven by population increase, massive rural–urban migration, industrial activities, and uneven spatial development. The city’s population increased from approximately one million in 2015 to an estimated 1.3 million in 2023, exerting severe pressure on existing urban infrastructure, public services, land resources, and the natural environment. This has consequently manifested in a broad set of contemporary challenges, including housing shortages, informal settlements, traffic congestion, air pollution, inefficient solid waste management, and deterioration of urban public spaces.Although several studies have addressed individual aspects of urban challenges in Ahvaz—such as environmental problems, climate impacts, socio-cultural fragmentation, or economic pressures—there remains a gap in the literature regarding a comprehensive and empirical prioritization of the city’s multifaceted challenges. Moreover, few studies have systematically linked these challenges with practical strategies for promoting sustainable urban development based on expert perspectives.Addressing this gap, the present study aims to systematically identify, categorize, and rank the key contemporary challenges of urbanization and urban development in Ahvaz using expert-driven data and multivariate statistical analysis. Additionally, the study proposes strategic directions to support sustainable urban development in the city. Two guiding questions structure the research:(1) What are the most significant challenges of contemporary urbanization and urban development in Ahvaz, based on expert prioritization?(2) What key strategies can effectively address these challenges to promote sustainable urban development? MothodologyThe study adopts an applied research design with a descriptive–analytical methodology. The target population consists of experts, managers, and researchers specializing in urban planning, urban management, and environmental studies in Ahvaz. Using purposive sampling based on criteria such as professional experience, involvement in urban policy-making, and academic contribution, 30 experts were selected from relevant institutions including Ahvaz Municipality, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Khuzestan Governorate, and academic departments of geography and urban planning.Primary data were collected through a researcher-designed questionnaire complemented by semi-structured interviews. Data analysis involved both qualitative coding and advanced quantitative statistical techniques. The qualitative phase consisted of extracting key conceptual statements, grouping similar concepts, deriving thematic axes, and validating thematic categories through expert review.To prioritize the challenges of urbanization, the Johansen exploratory cointegration rank test was utilized due to its capability to handle complex interdependencies and identify significant variables within multivariate systems, even with small sample sizes. The MacKinnon–Haug–Michelis (1999) method embedded within the Johansen test was used to determine the statistical significance of each challenge based on eigenvalue magnitudes and significance levels.Challenges were organized across five major dimensions—environmental, social/cultural, economic, institutional/structural, and physical/infrastructural—totaling 30 challenge indicators. Additionally, to identify practical strategies for addressing these challenges, descriptive statistics and a radar model were employed. Experts rated the effectiveness of 15 proposed strategies on a 0–10 scale, and mean scores were used to generate the strategic radar diagram.Instrument validity was ensured through content validation by three experts, and reliability was confirmed via Cronbach’s alpha, yielding coefficients above 0.79 across all dimensions, with an overall reliability of 0.88, indicating strong internal consistency. Fingdings Identification and Prioritization of Key Urban ChallengesThe findings demonstrate that 21 out of the 30 assessed challenges were statistically significant at the 0.01 level according to the Johansen test, validated by the MacKinnon–Haug–Michelis criteria. These represent the most pressing challenges confronting Ahvaz’s urban system.The highest-ranked challenges include:Increased housing demand and rising land and housing prices (eigenvalue: 0.899)Failure to relocate military garrisons outside the city (0.845)Prolonged delay in completing the Ahvaz metro system (0.801)Inefficient solid waste collection and environmental pollution (0.763)High unemployment and limited job opportunities (0.762)Weak urban management and slow implementation of urban projects (0.731)Other challenges identified as critical include disordered road networks, lack of marketplace regulation, proliferation of deteriorated urban fabric, traffic congestion, uncontrolled land-use conversion in peri-urban areas, shortage of green and recreational spaces, poor quality of life, overcrowding, spread of informal settlements, severe dust storms, low private-sector investment, poverty pockets, financial constraints of the municipality, migration pressures, and shortage of potable water.  Dimension-Level AnalysisAcross the five major dimensions:Physical/infrastructural challenges ranked highest (eigenvalue: 0.686), reflecting severe infrastructure deficiencies.Economic challenges followed closely (0.684), particularly housing and unemployment.Social/cultural challenges (0.507) and institutional/structural challenges (0.478) demonstrated medium-level pressures.Environmental challenges ranked lowest (0.466) but remained significant, particularly dust storms, waste management, and green space scarcity.  Strategic Priorities for Sustainable Urban DevelopmentThe radar model revealed the most effective strategies as perceived by experts:Strengthening urban public–private servicesRelocating industries and military garrisons outside the cityDeveloping green urban infrastructureExpanding public transportation and completing the metroPeople-centered urban regenerationAddressing informal settlementsSmartening urban management systemsRevising land-use policiesStrengthening resilience of deteriorated areasRevitalizing historic and central urban districtsThese strategic priorities reflect the need for integrated governance, infrastructure modernization, environmental sustainability, and socially inclusive planning.Discussion and ConclusionThe study highlights that Ahvaz, despite its strategic economic advantages and cultural diversity, faces a complex array of challenges that impede sustainable urban development. Rapid population growth, inappropriate land-use trends, infrastructural shortcomings, unequal spatial development, and weak institutional performance collectively contribute to declining urban livability.The high-ranking challenges—such as housing inflation, infrastructural delays, managerial inefficiencies, and environmental hazards—demonstrate the extent to which urban systems in Ahvaz require structural transformation. Many of these findings align with international research on cities in developing regions, confirming that unmanaged urban growth often results in socioeconomic inequality, environmental degradation, and spatial fragmentation.However, some localized challenges—such as the non-relocation of military garrisons, market disorder, and the prolonged stagnation of the metro project—highlight context-specific governance issues unique to Ahvaz.By proposing practical strategies rooted in expert consensus, the study contributes to both academic understanding and applied urban governance. Implementing the recommended strategies—particularly strengthening administrative capacity, upgrading infrastructure, enabling citizen participation, improving service delivery, and expanding green and mobility networks—can significantly enhance the sustainability, resilience, and livability of Ahvaz.This extended abstract thus underscores the importance of integrated, participatory, and sustainability-oriented urban planning approaches for addressing the multifaceted challenges of contemporary urbanization in Ahvaz.  https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12495.html Urban resilience occurs in various dimensions and in the most general discussion includes; social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions. Accordingly, having a theoretical and conceptual framework for measuring it in different cities is the main goal of this research, which has been validated and analyzed in the field using a descriptive method of testing the urban resilience scale. The statistical population of the research includes urban management and municipality employees of Ardabil city who are in 1403 and have experience and activity in middle and macro-management positions in this city, with an approximate number of 220 people. Based on the Cochran sample size formula, 140 people were selected as the sample size and the questionnaire questions were exposed to them in the form of a researcher-made questionnaire. The research findings have shown that based on the existing theoretical literature, 4 main indicators and 25 sub-scales have been identified for urban resilience indexing, and all 25 sub-scales have been able to explain the four main resilience indicators with high coefficients. These four indicators include; Social resilience, economic resilience, physical resilience, and environmental resilience are defined as social resilience with 7 components, economic resilience with 6 components, physical resilience with 5 components, and finally environmental resilience with 7 components. All of these components, while having statistical validity for measurement, have described the status of urban resilience in Ardabil, which, based on the descriptive results, is at an average level in all four indicators. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12499.html ABSTRACThis study aims to predict and assess the social and cultural impacts of the development and completion of the "Dogaz" highway in Tehran, with a specific focus on urban districts 21 and 22. Beyond examining the project's effects within these districts, considerable importance is placed on evaluating its supra-regional urban consequences.Initially, a thematic analysis using purposive sampling was employed to qualitatively identify the highway's impacts. Subsequently, a survey methodology was utilized to quantify both the positive and negative outcomes of the project, drawing upon the perspectives of urban and regional specialists and experts through a census approach.The findings indicate that the construction of the Dogaz highway, as a developmental initiative, exhibits minimal negative consequences and predominantly positive impacts. More precisely, given the highway's significant and direct influence on urban spaces within its intervention zone, the most pronounced positive outcomes include: reduced vehicle fuel consumption, decreased costs associated with land acquisition and compensation for affected parties, shortened travel times and distances, and the organization of abandoned lands surrounding the Vardavard River. Conversely, significant negative impacts identified are: restricted access for travelers to Hazrat Khadijeh Park (PBUH) and the highway's low visual quality in successive views along the Vardavard River Valley. Finally, three scenarios are proposed to mitigate the negative effects and amplify the positive impacts of this developmental undertaking. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12500.html Hospital activities are considered one of the major sources of hazardous wastewater, which, if not properly managed, can pose a serious threat to public health and the environment. This study aimed to identify and analyze the challenges of wastewater management in hospitals affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, with an emphasis on the green hospital approach. A qualitative methodology was employed using semi-structured interviews with 14 experts in the field of hospital wastewater management, and the data were analyzed through content analysis. In addition, quantitative data on wastewater quality parameters—including chlorine, phosphate, ammonium, suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and nitrate—were collected and analyzed from multiple hospitals. The results revealed that pollution episodes were mostly intermittent, with the highest challenges related to elevated levels of suspended solids and low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Key contributing factors included outdated treatment equipment, managerial negligence, lack of staff training, and insufficient adoption of advanced technologies. This study highlights the urgent need to strengthen technical infrastructure, improve staff competencies, and implement green policies in hospitals to mitigate environmental risks associated with hospital effluents. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12633.html This study investigates the role of urban public spaces in fostering public sports participation and their psychological implications for residents, with a specific focus on District 2 of Tabriz. Employing a qualitative research design and thematic analysis, the study engaged 30 participants selected through purposive maximum-variation sampling from four stakeholder groups: public users, urban design and planning experts, municipal administrators, and sports professionals. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase analytical framework.The analysis resulted in the extraction of 95 basic themes, organized into 9 mid-level themes and ultimately consolidated into 4 overarching themes: (1) the discrepancy between spatial quality and social justice, (2) deficiencies in participatory governance in the development of public spaces, (3) the ambivalent psychological effects of public spaces on users, and (4) systemic instability in the planning, development, and maintenance of sports-oriented public facilities.Overall, the findings demonstrate that the current conditions of public urban spaces in Tabriz hinder their capacity to effectively support public sports and promote citizens’ mental well-being. The study underscores the necessity for a fundamental reorientation in urban planning and management approaches, the institutionalization of genuine citizen participation, and the integration of spatial justice and sustainability https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12679.html The COVID‑19 pandemic presented extensive threats to contemporary healthy living. Given that the neighborhood is a focal point in urban thought and gained heightened importance during the recent crisis, this research adopted it as its primary scale. The main objectives include explaining the biological health paradigm of neighborhoods in the post‑corona context and interpreting the health resilience of selected neighborhoods in Tabriz during the pandemic. Data were compiled via a review of 182 articles, resulting in the extraction of 12 indicators and 20 variables. These indicators were defined and redefined within an innovative framework based on the “evolution of health” across three dimensions: spatial, psychological, and medical, to serve as the basis for evaluating neighborhood health resilience through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Three neighborhoods—Gharamalek, Maghsudieh, and Valie‑Asr Town—were selected as case samples, classified into high‑, moderate‑, and low‑risk levels based on official mortality statistics. The research methodology was mixed‑methods (quantitative and qualitative), incorporating GIS, narrative inquiry, questionnaires, and interviews. Data evaluation was performed using SPSS and AMOS version 19.The results show that Maghsudieh, Gharamalek, and Valie‑Asr Town, respectively, possess a higher level of resilience and biological health. However, the findings cast doubt on the initial hypothesis positing that better living qualities in a neighborhood would correlate with lower COVID‑19 prevalence. Finally, a comparative analysis of the variables helped explain the differences in factor influence. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12683.html This study aims to explain the mediating role of urban service management / satisfaction with it in the relationship between inequality in access to welfare, economic, and cultural amenities and social indicators in the marginal neighborhood of Molazināl, Tabriz. In terms of purpose, the research is applied, and methodologically it is a descriptive–survey study. The statistical population comprised residents of Molazināl. The sample size was determined as 376 using Cochran’s formula and selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected via a questionnaire. Face validity was confirmed through expert review, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha,). Descriptive findings indicated that citizens’evaluation of urban service management was below the average level. Inferential results showed a positive and significant association between urban service management and welfare–economic–cultural amenities (r = 0.454), and this association was mainly linked to interactional and action-oriented components of social indicators, while its relationship with generalized trust was not significant. SEM results further demonstrated that amenities positively affect urban service management (β = 0.514) and that urban service management strongly explains social indicators (β = 0.632). The indirect effect of amenities on social indicators through urban service management was significant (0.321), and the model explained 61% of the variance in social indicators (R² = 0.610). Overall, in Malazināl, mitigating the social consequences of spatial inequality is most feasible through improving the quality and fairness of urban service management and strengthening mechanisms of accountability and citizen participation https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12878.html Soil, as the basis of life and the origin of life, the foundation of societies and many ecosystems, is not only a natural element but also a national asset with economic, ecological, identity and security value. One of the country's strategic assets, has faced the challenge of unauthorized exit in recent years. This issue is especially evident in the "Hormoz" region; an issue that has existed in a continuous context and process that, in addition to serious environmental damage, reveals the weakness of border surveillance and shortcomings of legal frameworks. The main question of this research is what deficiencies or inadequacies does soil smuggling represent in the Iranian legal and executive system and what regulations exist to prevent and combat it. This study was conducted qualitatively and based on library data collection. The findings show that soil smuggling is more than an economic activity, it is a sign of disregard for the requirements of sustainable development. Although Article 50 of the Constitution, the Soil Protection Law (2019), customs regulations, and provincial circulars have provided the necessary legal frameworks, lack of institutional coordination and resource limitations are among the most important reasons for the emergence and continuation of this violation. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12934.html Due to the rapid growth of urban population, the require to evaluate and improve urban systems for sustainable development has become increasingly significant and a priority for managers in any society. As a result, this study aimed to examine the quality of life indicators in Ahvaz city region s. In line with that, the field method (questionnaire) and also to increase the accuracy, the comprehensive plan data were used as supplementary data. In this study, 15 indicators were studied and the Entropy method was used to weight the indicators. Finally, the Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) model was used to achieve the final result and rank the regions of Ahvaz city. The results of this model illustrate that region three with a grade of 0.090 has the first rank in quality of life among other regions of Ahvaz city, and region seven with a grade of 0.053 has the lowest quality of life among other regions. Moreover, the regions of Ahvaz city, in terms of quality of life, are at a low level compared to urban quality of life standards. The studies conducted in the research showed that the outcomes obtained from the questionnaire have a significant difference from the statistics and documented data and the results obtained from processing them. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12978.html More than half a century after the introduction of the concept of sustainable development in the 1970s, global experience shows that achieving its goals on a large scale remains difficult. Urban neighborhoods, however, have increasingly been recognized as the basic unit and optimal scale for advancing sustainability. The problem addressed in this study is that, despite aiming to provide housing for low-income groups, Mehr housing projects have not succeeded in achieving neighborhood sustainability due to weaknesses in urban design and disregard for the principles of new urbanism. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the sustainability of Mehr housing in Zahedan through a new urbanism approach.The statistical population includes all residents of the neighborhood. Data were collected from 400 questionnaires using random sampling. The study is descriptive–analytical and applied in purpose. Six new urbanism indicators—pedestrianization, mixed housing, mixed use, environmental sustainability, public transportation, and social participation—were examined. Data were analyzed using one-sample t-test, factor analysis, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.The results indicate that mixed use is the most influential factor, explaining 37.59% of the variance, followed by transportation (14.65%), pedestrianization (13.40%), mixed housing (10.15%), environmental sustainability (8.11%), and participation (6.35%). The overall assessment reveals that the indicators are generally at a low level, playing only a limited role in achieving neighborhood sustainability. However, strengthening key indicators within the framework of the proposed model can enhance quality of life and support the sustainability of Mehr housing. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_12979.html The present study investigated the analysis and prediction of land cover/use changes in Mosul city . In this study,, Landsat and Sentinel satellite images were prepared for different time periods from 2000 to 2024 with an interval of 8 years and the necessary pre-processing was performed. Then, land cover/use classes were extracted. The processing results were exported in the eCognition Developer software as a shape file to be used in the GIS environment for cartography and calculating land use changes. Next, using the CA-Markov model in Terrst software, land cover/use changes over time were simulated and predicted. The transition probability matrix between land cover/use types in different time periods was calculated and showed the probability with which each type of cover will be converted to another type. The results show that the area of built-up areas has increased from 132,380 km2 in 2000 to 234,143 km2 in 2024. This unbalanced growth has been influenced by economic, social and post-crisis reconstruction programs. Also, agricultural land has decreased from 33,657 km2 to 25,709 km2, representing a more than 5% decrease in agricultural land. Barren land has also experienced a decrease of approximately 17.69%. In the field of water resources, the area of irrigated land has decreased from 8,951 km2 to 5,316 km2 and green space from 8,767 km2 to 6,147 km2. The vulnerability analysis of the changes shows that 24.29% of the city area is in the “very high vulnerability” category, which seriously threatens the food security of the region. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_13036.html The main objective of research is to develop effective scenarios for reducing the imbalance between household income and expenses in urban households within West Azarbaijan Province. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical with an applied purpose. Data were collected through library and field research. For gathering baseline and statistical data, statistical yearbooks and higher-level documents were used, while analytical data were obtained via a self-designed questionnaire based on standards of MICMAC software and ScenarioWizard. The study area is West Azerbaijan Province, covering a 12-year period from 2011 to 2023. The statistical population comprised 15 experts in the fields of spatial planning and economics, and were purposefully selected. Data analysis was conducted quantitatively, employing a futures studies approach, using GIS, MICMAC, and ScenarioWizard software. The findings indicate that an 10.18% reduction in the growth rate of household food and tobacco expenses clearly reflects a decline in household purchasing power. This decrease may be due to rising non-food expenses, particularly in housing, medical services, and education. Households are compelled to increase their share of non-food expenses, leading to a reduction in food and tobacco expenditures. Under such conditions, households might tend to purchase cheaper goods and services and compromise on food quality. This situation signifies an income and expenditure imbalance in urban households, which, based on five key factors—age of the household head, government investment, development of new industries and occupations, power distribution, and international agreements—has led to the formulation of three scenarios. https://grup.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_13045.html IntroductionWaste is considered one of the most important sources of pollution in large cities, and its lack of proper management can play a significant role in the emergence of urban and human environmental crises. On the other hand, proper management of production waste and reduction of losses resulting from it through proper planning and implementation of effective and efficient policies can reduce their negative consequences and even bring benefits to society. It is necessary to have a comprehensive and integrated model, taking into account the various dimensions of waste management and with appropriate boundaries, in order to optimize the process of waste separation and reduce waste costs. It takes into account concepts and issues related to waste, such as production and separation, collection and transportation, processing, recycling, and landfilling of waste, in an interconnected structure to examine the results of various policies and actions over time horizons, which prevents the imposition of huge economic and time costs on executive bodies and society. The main goal of the research is to present a model for managing recyclable waste in District 22 of Tehran Municipality with an approach to optimizing the separation process and reducing costs. In the Municipality of District 22, due to the size of the unit and the large number of employed personnel, the large number of contractors, and the existence of different units, all of which are waste producers in some way. There is a need to develop and finalize a comprehensive waste management plan that is principled and in line with the latest world standards and that can be implemented in this unit. MethodologyThis research is applied in terms of its nature and based on a descriptive and analytical method. The statistical population is made up of 80 experts from the Municipality of Region 12, neighborhood development offices and environmental professors. The sampling method used in the present study was stratified and probabilistic. The data collection method is a library, which was used to determine the thematic framework, to understand the concepts, views and theories. The data collection tool is a closed-ended questionnaire. SWOT and AHP have been used to analyze the recyclable waste management model in the 22nd district of Tehran Municipality with the approach of optimizing the separation process and reducing costs. FindingsIn the first model, in the first stage, the evaluation of the internal and external influencing factors on the state of recyclable waste management in the 22nd district of Tehran Municipality with the approach of optimizing the separation process and reducing costs, summarizing and summarizing the collected responses and placing the final factors in the relevant matrix. In this matrix, the number of internal factors is determined as 11 factors, of which 6 factors are related to strengths and 5 factors are related to weaknesses, which are specified in Table No. 2. Also, the number of external factors is 14, of which 9 are identified as opportunities and 5 are identified as threats. In the second step, the factors listed in the previous step were given an importance coefficient, and finally each of the internal and external factors was assigned a rank from 1 to 4. After that, research strategies were formulated in 4 categories: offensive, conservative, competitive and defensive. In the second model to explain the development strategies of the studied range, pairwise comparisons were analyzed in strengths and weaknesses and threats with different adaptation rates. According to the results of prioritizing the options, aggressive strategies were chosen as the highest strategic priority. Choosing this strategy means that the state of recyclable waste management in District 22 of Tehran Municipality, with the approach of optimizing the separation process and reducing costs, has capabilities that can be used to improve efficiency and reduce waste costs by using them and environmental opportunities. Conclusion and DiscussionCurrently, waste has become a problem in cities, on the one hand, municipal coffers are helpless to solve it, and on the other hand, it is considered a major threat to the environment. Waste management is one of the most important issues that most city managers care about today Protecting the environment from the destructive effects of waste, and more importantly, its optimal management in order to recycle and reduce the consumption of raw materials, is a major challenge facing decision-makers in this field. The results showed that based on the SWOT model of the situation of recyclable waste management in the 22nd district of Tehran municipality, with the approach of optimizing the separation process and reducing costs, defensive strategies were selected. Based on the combination of SWOT and AHP models, according to pairwise comparisons to obtain the weight of the criteria and calculate the degree of incompatibility of each of the matrices and the results of prioritizing the options, offensive strategies were chosen as the highest strategic priority. Based on the mentioned results, the solutions to improve the efficiency of the waste management system in the 22nd district of Tehran include the improvement of production and separation, the improvement of transportation, the improvement of processing, the improvement of recycling and the improvement of buria.