بازشناسی مصالح و الگوهای بومی در ساخت وساز خانه‌های شهر پاوه با تأکید بر زمینه‌گرایی اقلیمی-محیطی

طاهری سرمد, فائزه; رستمی, مختار

doi:10.30473/grup.2025.71507.2864

بازشناسی مصالح و الگوهای بومی در ساخت وساز خانه‌های شهر پاوه با تأکید بر زمینه‌گرایی اقلیمی-محیطی

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ گروه معماری، واحد اسلام آباد غرب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اسلام آباد غرب، ایران

² کارشناس ارشد، گروه معماری، مؤسسه آموزش عالی جهاد دانشگاهی، همدان، ایران.

10.30473/grup.2025.71507.2864

چکیده

معماری بومی شاخه‌ای از معماری بر پایه نیازهای منطقه‌ای و مصالح ساختمانی است که بازتاب‌کنندۀ سنت‌های هر منطقه می‌باشد. معماری بومی در طول زمان بر اساس پیشینه محیطی، فرهنگی، فناوری و تاریخی که در آن منطقه وجود داشته، تکامل یافته‌ است. معماری بومی شهر پاوه در شمال‌غربی استان کرمانشاه با قدمتی بیش از سه هزار سال، حاصل عوامل مختلف زمینه‌ای اقلیمی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی است، اما بیش‌ترین تأثیر را از اقلیم و طبیعت پیرامون خود پذیرفته و از مصالح مورد استفاده تا فرم کلی بناها تحت تأثیر محیط پیرامونِ خود بوده است. بناهای این شهر به گونه‌ای طراحی شده که اکثرا به صورت پلکانی و با توجه به توپوگرافی و شیب زمین جانمایی شده‌اند، یعنی پشت بام خانه‌ای که پشت به کوه ساخته شده حیاط خانۀ همسایه‌ای است که چند متر بالاتر از آن قرار گرفته است. معماری پلکانی و سنگی یکی از الگوهای معماری بومی منطقه پاوه است که سالیان سال توانسته دوام بیاورد و به شکلی ماهرانه و به‌صورت دقیق و ظریف خود را با محیط پیرامون هماهنگ کند. اما امروزه عدم شناخت و درک ویژگی‌های معماری بومی و ساختار مصالح بوم‌آورد سبب عدم هماهنگی بین محیط مصنوع و زمینه شده است. لذا هدف این پژوهش بررسی و شناخت مصالح و تکنیک‌های ساختوساز با توجه به معیارهای زمینه‌گرایی اقلیمی- محیطی در خانههای شهر پاوه می‌باشد. مطالعۀ حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی استفاده شده است. دادههای اولیه با روش کتابخانه‌ای و اسنادی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت؛ سپس، 50 نمونه از خانه‌های بومی به‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب شد و با روش میدانی و مصاحبه، اطلاعات کامل و براساس هدف پژوهش تحلیل و بررسی گردید. نتایج حاکی از آن است ناهمواری‌ها و شیب زیاد منطقه عامل تعیین‌کننده در شکل‌گیری بافت شهر پاوه بوده و اولویت معماری بومی پاسخگویی به معیارهای زمینه‌گرایی اقلیمی- محیطی است. عمدهترین مصالح بومآورد در معماری بومی خانه‌های شهر پاوه سنگ و چوب میباشد که با مهارت و حتی به صورت خشکه‌چین تا دو طبقه ساختمان را به صورت هنرمندانه و خلاقانه بنا نمودهاند. سنگ در دیوارها، چوب در بدنه، سقف و بازشوها و خاک به‌عنوان چسباننده و ملات دیوار و سقف استفاده شدهاست، که امروزه می‌توان با استفاده از فناوری‌های جدید نقاط ضعف این مصالح را برطرف نمود و به حفظ هویت بومی منطقه کمک کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

معماری شهری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Recognition of Vernacular Materials and Patterns in the Construction of Houses in Paveh city with Emphasis on Climatic-Environmental Contextualism

نویسندگان [English]

Faezeh Taherisarmad ¹
Mokhtar Rostami ²

¹ Department of Architecture, IsG.C., Islamic Azad University, Islamabad Gharb, Iran.

² Master of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Hamedan Branch, University Jihad Institute of Higher Education, Hamedan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The vernacular architecture is a branch of architecture based on regional foundations and building materials that reflect the traditions of each region. Native architecture has been developed over time based on the environmental, cultural, technological and historical background that existed in that region. The vernacular architecture of Paveh city in the north-west of Kermanshah province, which is more than three thousand years old, is the result of various climatic, social, economic and cultural factors, but it has received the greatest influence from the climate and nature around it, and from the materials used to The general form of the buildings has been influenced by the surrounding environment. The buildings of this city are designed in such a way that most of them are placed in a stepped manner and according to the topography and the slope of the land, that is, the roof of the house that is built with its back to the mountain is the yard of the neighbor's house, which is located a few meters above it. Staircase and stone architecture is one of the vernacular architecture models of Paveh region, which has been able to survive for many years and coordinate itself with the surrounding environment in a skillful and precise and delicate way. But today, the lack of recognition and understanding of the characteristics of native architecture and the structure of organic materials has caused a lack of harmony between the artificial environment and the context. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate and understand the construction materials and techniques according to the criteria of climatic-environmental contextualism in the houses of Paveh city. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method is used. The primary data was studied with the library and documentary method; Then, 50 samples of native houses were randomly selected and the complete information was analyzed and analyzed based on the research objective using the field method and interviews. The results indicate that the unevenness and high slope of the region is the determining factor in the formation of the fabric of Paveh city and the priority of local architecture is to respond to the criteria of climatic-environmental contextualism. The main materials used in the local architecture of the city's houses are stone and wood, which have been skillfully and creatively built up to two floors of buildings. Stone has been used in the walls, wood in the body, roof and openings, and soil as an adhesive and mortar for the wall and roof, which today can be used to remove the weaknesses of these materials and help preserve the local identity of the region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Building Materials
Vernacular Architecture
Climatic-Environmental Contextualism
Paveh

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